One Flesh: An Interesting New Take From an Unusual Source
Finding universal themes in the Creation story should hardly be surprising. We can rattle off the obvious ones without straining. The Creation of Man as a single individual underscores the importance of the individual, and the commonality of Mankind. His creation as the apparent final step of Creation speaking of fulfilled telos, rather than random placement. Themes of failure, repentance, fratricide, service of G-d and attempts to ignore Him – all have relevance to all human beings, not just Jews.
And then there are the less obvious ones, pointed out at various times by Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks, who contrasts the Torah’s version with other ancient creation epics. Creation through the Word, rather than a struggle between the gods. The absence of what those other stories include: Man coming into being because the gods needed cheap labor for their own needs. Not making Man a plaything of the gods conferred dignity and significance to Man.
If much of the content leans towards the universal, it perhaps should not surprise us that non-Jews might come up with interesting insights of their own. Here is one that I came across over Sukkos. It struck me as enriching my understanding of Rashi (2:24), commenting on “They shall become one flesh.” Rashi explains, “The offspring is created through both of them. There they become one flesh.” Rashi clearly means that husband and wife clearly don’t become a single being, no matter how close their relationship. The single flesh is the child they jointly create. Here, though, is a somewhat different take on becoming “one flesh” through the act of procreation:
What is it that makes each one of us a unified organism? Why aren‘t we just clumps of cells? The answer is that all of our various bodily systems and parts work together for the common good of our biological lives. Your heart, lungs. kidneys, and muscles and all the other organs and tissues coordinate to keep you alive. Coordination toward a common end explains unity, in this case bodily unity of an individual.
And in most respects you are complete as an individual. With respect to locomotion, you can set this book down, get up, and walk into the kitchen for a bite to eat. With respect to digestion, you can digest that bite all by yourself. With respect to circulation and respiration, you can breathe and pump oxygenated blood throughout your body as an individual. In all of these functions, you‘re complete.
Yet with respect to one biological function, you are radically incomplete. It takes two to tango, and it takes two to make a baby. In the marital act, a man’s body and a woman‘s body don‘t just make contact as in a kiss or interlock as when holding hands. The Hebrew Bible reveals
something true about our humanity when it says that a man and a woman in the marital act become “one flesh.” This isn’t merely a figure of speech. The Bible doesn‘t say the husband and wife are so much in love it’s as if the two become one. No. the Scriptures rightly suggest that
at the physical and metaphysical level. a man and a woman truly become two in one flesh. The sexual complementarity of a man and a woman allows them to unite in this comprehensive way.In the marital act, the husband and wife engage in a single act with a single function: coordination toward a common end unites them. They form a single organism as a mated pair with a single biological purpose, which the couple performs together as a unity. Note the parallel: The muscles, heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines of an individual human body cooperate with each other toward a single biological end- procreation…The act that unites a man and woman as husband and wife is the same act that can make them mother and father. This begins to tell us something about what the marital relationship is ordered toward.
These paragraphs appear towards the beginning of a fascinating new book by Ryan Anderson, Truth Overruled: The Future of Marriage and Religious Freedom. The main title is unfortunate; it sounds overwrought and inflammatory, and Anderson is anything but. In the run-up to the Supreme Court decision on same-gender marriage, Anderson became perhaps the most effective advocate for traditional marriage in the national media. His byword is reasonableness, not shrill rhetoric. (He was cited in the decision by one of the justices on the minority side.) As a protégé of Professor Robert George at Princeton (you read here about his conversation with his friend R. Aaron Kotler at Tikvah last summer), he is committed to the new natural law, which attempts to show – without invoking G-d – that things and laws created by G-d are more likely than not to demonstrate reason, and we ought to be looking for it.
I hope to have more to say about both the book and the new natural law at a later time. For the moment, we can ponder the thought, and take some inspiration from a group of leading non-Jewish intellectual who sacrifice their academic standing and reputation because they will not let go of the idea that G-d knows what he is doing.
This is a wonderful P’shat, but does it have to be exclusive? The Pasuk works on multiple levels including children, physical intimacy, emotional intimacy, parental partnership, the marital unit within the community, the family unit, and probably many others. God most certainly knew what he was doing and created multiple overlapping systems of reinforcement that continue to operate even when some parts of the system fail or or not relevant.
There are many married couples who can’t have children, have children through a surrogate or artificial insemination, are past the age of having children, or who adopt children. Are we to say that they are not become one flesh? I certainly don’t agree with that.
If so, then the conclusions drawn by Dr. Anderson do not follow. The lack of a specific biological link does mean that the marriage cannot unite via other means.
The Torah speaks in general terms, I should think that point obvious. The specific problems of sterility, etc. are thoroughly irrelevant to Anderson’s quite illuminating insight.
[YA – And it should go without saying that Dr Anderson deals with the exceptions like sterility, older people, etc and still preserves his point.]
DF: You are correct that the “problems of sterility” are irrelevant to the insight. In fact, I said that it is a wonderful P’shat.
The problem with the post, in my opinion, is in the implication drawn from this insight. As you seem to agree, those who can’t have children through physical intimacy in marriage can still “become one flesh”. I mentioned a number of examples above. Thus, the conclusions of the post don’t follow from the premises. The P’shat is not exclusive and the pasuk applies to others as well.
If you take the other tack (I think implausible), the Pasuk does not apply to such marriages, then the premise still doesn’t follow, because obviously such marriages are sanctioned and encouraged, despite not being covered by the Pasuk.
(Responding to Rabbi Adlerstein’s comment)
I don’t agree that an essential aspect of the argument should “go without saying”. The argument seems to go as follows:
1) An important reason for (or aspect of) the marriage institution is A.
2) Group “G” doesn’t have “A”; therefore allowing them to marry is not useful. In fact it is harmful because it removes the sanctity of marriage around those whose practice “A”.
If so, once you start making exception and say that marriage is allowed to include (and is actually important for!) people are are not part of “G” and don’t have “A”, then your argument has shifted to something else entirely, and how you rescue your argument doesn’t go without saying.
Moreover, the non-“procreative through intimacy” aspects of marriage are hardly an exception. Thank God, we typically live long lives now. The vast majority of married life is spent outside the procreative years. And the procreative years are hardly themselves characterized by procreation through physical intimacy. Indeed, the vast majority of physical intimacy even in those years is unrelated to procreation. Yet halacha considers all of it to be important and halachically mandated.
[YA – Interested readers can read the book and determine if Dr Anderson’s handling of these objections is satisfactory to them.]