Turning Poetry Into Torah
Very few people can take a secular poem and turn it into a successful limud. Most who would try would have little worthwhile to say. They would use the poem as a source only because they would be more at home with a secular poem than with genuine mekoros. Others would try to use the poem to prove their breadth and sophistication – but miss the real poetry.
Rav Aharon Lichtenstein, shlit”a, is no ordinary figure. He has spent his life in the tents of Torah as a Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion, and before that as a Rosh Kollel at YU. Acting as head of a hesder yeshiva didn’t prevent his having a close relationship with R Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, zt”l. He learned with both Rav Hutner in Chaim Berlin, and then with his father-in-law, R. Yosef Dov Soloveitchik zt”l at YU. He also has a PhD in English lit from Harvard (in a program known to some as the Twersky Kollel), and seems to welcome these diverse influences within him without any sign of strain between them. (I have never seen as fair, balanced, and enlightening a treatment of the age-old issue of the propriety of secular study as a classic essay he penned that has gone through several revisions. The version that I have appeared in an old Jason Aronson anthology called Judaism’s Encounter with Other Cultures, by Blidstein, Berger et al. It is well worth the search.)
He gave this sichah a year ago at his yeshiva, and it is offered here (with permission from the Yeshivat Har Etzion Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash) as an example of a remarkable kind of synthesis seldom seen by our readers – and for its important and powerful conclusion.
“The Woods Are Lovely, Dark and Deep”:
Reading a Poem by Robert FrostWhat is the proper way to relate to an artistic creation? This question is frequently raised by students of literature, and it concerns yeshiva students as well. Some hold that as readers, we should treat a poem as a self-contained entity. Of course, we know that the poem has a historical background: it stems from the poet’s personality and experience, from the cultural and societal context in which it was written – but all that doesn’t interest us. We focus completely on the poem, the literary creation, as an isolated entity. Conversely, many notable academics have argued that we cannot hope to understand an artistic creation without first becoming familiar with the artist’s biography, psychology, and native culture. There are strong arguments in both directions – and, of course, the correct path is to find a balance between the two extremes. Time constraints dictate that we cannot fully analyze Frost’s poem using the latter method; nevertheless, I shall offer a few words to provide a rough idea of the man, the period and the place that brought about this poem.
Robert Frost lived from 1874 to 1963. I met him in his old age in 1956. He resided in Vermont, New England – a rustic, quiet, peaceful place, far removed from the noise, pollution, stress and excitement produced by the Industrial Revolution. Frost’s poetry reflects this: the distance from the city provides an opportunity to re-examine man’s relation to his original, natural environment. Let us now turn our attention to one of his most celebrated poems.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923)
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy winds and downy flake.
The woods are lovely dark and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.The poem is short, its subject unexceptional. However, Frost blatantly holds back significant information – which has an unsettling effect. The title “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” presents the scene. The narrator stops by trees, on a snowy evening, to watch the “woods fill up with snow.” He seems suspended in the present, but where has he come from? Where is he going? The Talmud (Shabbat 5b) distinguishes between two different types of “stops.” Some stop “to shoulder their burden” before continuing on their way; others stop “in order to rest.” The former stop is merely a means to an end; the Talmud doesn’t consider it a real standstill, while the latter stop is. (For the practical ramifications of this distinction, see there.) The same physical pause may take on an entirely different meaning, depending on the intention behind it. Why has this man stopped?
The scene is one of absolute human loneliness. It is bleak; as far as the eye can see, there is but a white expanse of fallen snow. It is “the darkest evening of the year,” midwinter. It is silent; the only sound is the “the sweep / Of easy winds and downy flake.” There are no people, no lights, no sounds, no comfort – just the narrator, alone. But from where has he come? Presumably the place from which he departed was less lonely. Somewhere in the distance lie farmhouses; a village is mentioned. These are not metropolises; they are not exactly crammed with bustling activity. Nevertheless, they have a certain human quality, which further emphasizes his present absolute solitude.
Yet this isolation from human society is immediately violated. “Whose woods these are I think I know” – what does nature know of ownership? The primordial forest is ownerless, free to all! The concept of ownership, along with the conflicts and disputes that accompany it, are a product of human society. The poem is an internal monologue, a stream of consciousness. Is this the first question that pops into his head? Frost indicates that even amidst this lonely scene, the man isn’t completely removed from human culture and history. He has not whole-heartedly abandoned himself to the magical vision before him. No, he comes from society, and will return to it. Yet “the woods are lovely, dark and deep”; he is enchanted.
Accordingly, Frost’s use of the word “woods” is understandable. The semantics of “the woods” are far removed from those of “the forest.” A forest is a wild place, ancient and endless. Man cannot impose his will on it. Woods are tamer, more manageable. Likewise, the village represents an outpost between the city and the wilderness. The woods and village limn the seam between nature and civilization, where the border between them blurs. The poem’s narrator is truly suspended between the draw of nature, on the one hand, and his connection to the human society in which he was raised, on the other.
The description of the falling snow is vivid. This is Vermont, famous for its ski slopes. The falling snow, the “downy flake,” is dynamic, in perpetual motion. As it falls, it creates a still carpet of immaculate white. The “frozen lake” is its direct opposite, immovable, passive. This duality brings the scene to life. Accordingly, we understand the narrator’s reluctance to leave. He doesn’t want this magical sight to disappear – yet he will aid in its destruction, trampling the beautiful, virgin snow on his way onwards. These are some of the thoughts that trouble him, as he stands there, alone.
The first three stanzas serve as an exposition to the last stanza, which presents a stark contrast to what has come before. Frost outlines two conflicting worlds, two existential systems. In Either/Or, Kierkegaard portrays the clashing views of “ethical man” and “aesthetic man.” Frost expresses this conflict beautifully in his poem. “The woods are lovely, dark and deep” emphasizes the paradoxical beauty of the scene: it is “lovely,” the light “l” sounds playing on our lips, but also “dark and deep,” the alliterative “d” being stronger, dominant. We learn that the narrator’s present situation is but one instant in a busy, bustling life. Yet here he pauses amidst the excitement of his life. His “stopping by the woods” reflects the extraordinary magic this natural scene exerts upon his imagination. It is a moment of wonderment. There is something in the woods’ beauty that draws him in, lures him, encouraging him to abandon his anxious self-consciousness. Something within him cries: “What, are you insane? Where are you going in such a hurry? What’s the rush? Stay here, marvel at the glowing darkness, at this simple beauty.” Aesthetic man longs to dedicate himself to his senses – not his coarse senses, but rather the aesthetic sense: delicate, beautiful, drawn to all the splendor and majesty of the world.
However, “aesthetic man” represents only one side of Frost. At the conclusion of another poem (“The Lesson for Today,” 1942), he provides his own epitaph:
I would have written of me on my stone:
I had a lover’s quarrel with the world.The resonant phrase, “a lover’s quarrel with the world,” contains several implications. First, Frost is enchanted, in love with the world. But, on the other hand, lovers quarrel when each pulls in a different direction, and then it is hard to find unity and peace. “A lover’s quarrel”! This phrase reveals to us the variety and multifaceted nature of Frost’s world. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” includes a sensitive description of man’s wonderment when he confronts natural beauty. Yet beyond nature, there is another world – political, economic. Frost had strong opinions regarding the issues that occupied this “other world,” despite having spent most of his years in Vermont’s secluded countryside. When I visited him in 1956, he spouted harsh invective at President Eisenhower. This, too, was an inseparable part of his identity, which must not be overlooked.
This duality, the twin pulls of the aesthetic and the ethical, is reflected in our poem. “But I have promises to keep.” What promises? To whom have they been given? There are two possible ways of understanding the significance of these promises. The very demand that a promise be fulfilled is an ethical assertion, and the narrator’s sense of obligation is incongruent with his “aesthetic” bent. But perhaps the promise has been made to “Ethics” or “Morality” itself? Morality demands that we act morally, that we further moral interests; this entails that we leave the woods, the snow, and the glowing darkness. Civilization and its governing morality have placed a yoke upon the narrator’s neck. He must earn a livelihood, provide for others, and contribute to humanity’s great onward march. He must build and create. Frost’s poetry often mentions apples – apple picking, sorting apples, etc. Christian tradition identifies the apple as the “fruit” eaten by Adam and Eve. That story represents the origin of all moral obligations, the “knowledge of good and evil”; the apple is a symbol laden with meaning.
Coupled with this moral obligation is a tangible sense of fatigue, expressed in the concluding lines and enhanced by their repetition: “And miles to go before I sleep / And miles to go before I sleep.” The narrator longs to resign himself, to surrender to nature. He wants to remain there, perhaps for an hour or a day, perhaps until the snow melts, perhaps forever. “The day is short and there is much work to be done” (Avot 2:15), or in Latin, “Ars longa, vita brevis.” Creativity is endless, and life is short. Nevertheless, the narrator longs to remain in the snow, by the woods. But he has promises to keep, and miles to go before he sleeps – and this sleep is, of course, death.
I know of few poems that express so forcefully the moral idea that binds us to the beit midrash. The narrator’s life would have been far simpler had he dismissed the lure of nature: “What all the fuss? Snow, ice, trees, woods – they are all worthless! We’re here today, gone tomorrow. Let’s get on with it!” Rubbish can be dismissed without a second thought. But in order to have a “lover’s quarrel” with the world, you must first see its value. Frost appreciated the hues and colors of the world. Though the narrator is attracted by the aesthete’s passive contemplation, morality’s voice within him eventually wins.
So, too, is it with us. It is easy to devote yourself to Torah if you are convinced that everything else is nonsense. Nonsense is easy to give up. But one who sees the beauty in God’s creation, who comes to love it, must be strong in order to devote himself to learning Torah. One must not divorce the world, but rather bear in mind one’s “lover’s quarrel with the world.”
Powerful message, indeed.
I think that in the Torah world’s understandable efforts to perpetuate itself by instilling the younger generation with a love for Torah, some educators dismiss everything else as “nonsense.” The world outside the beis midrash is depicted as a lousy, hopelessly messed up and something to avoid. I understand why this happens – people, especially young people, have a hard time with nuance and complexity. It’s much easier to say “this is good and that’s bad” then to convey the message that there is value in both worlds. This essay certainly gives us what to think about.
Awesome! Thanks.
I posted the sicha on our local shuls mail list earlier in the week and it was a big hit – I titled the email “Halachik Man meets Robert Frost” and closed with I often think about the line “and miles to go before I sleep” and how it relates to us, as individuals, trying to do God’s will in this world – it resonates (even more imho) with those of us who aspire to “shivti bbeit hashem kol ymei chayai” and, aiui, try to always be take the beit medrash with us no matter what activity we are engaged in.
KT
I greatly appreciate this article, and the concept that there is value in acknowledging and nurturing one’s aesthetic side, even (especially?) if one is a gadol. But one reason poetry analysis never resonated with me is that one can create all sorts of meforshim about literature, but unlike meforshim on Torah, we will never know if they are emes l’amito.
“He also has a PhD in English lit from Harvard (in a program known to some as the Twersky Kollel), ”
R Lichtenstein has a Phd in English from Harvard. His late brother-in-law was engaged in the following at Harvard “From 1956 to 1965, he served as an instructor, assistant professor and associate professor of Hebrew and of Jewish history at Harvard.
In July 1965, Harvard named Twersky its second Nathan Littauer professor of Hebrew literature and philosophy. While holding that position, Twersky chaired Harvard’s department of Near Eastern languages and literature for six years. From 1978 to 1993, he directed the Harvard Center for Jewish Studies”
The kollel description is one best avoided. R Twersky has been in the olam haemet since just after Yom Kippur 1997.
unlike meforshim on Torah, we will never know if they are emes l’amito.
Comment by tzippi
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Tzippi raises a great question – actually hinted at by R’AL in his intro – What is the proper way to relate to an artistic creation? This question is frequently raised by students of literature, and it concerns yeshiva students as well. Some hold that as readers, we should treat a poem as a self-contained entity. Of course, we know that the poem has a historical background: it stems from the poet’s personality and experience, from the cultural and societal context in which it was written – but all that doesn’t interest us. We focus completely on the poem, the literary creation, as an isolated entity. Conversely, many notable academics have argued that we cannot hope to understand an artistic creation without first becoming familiar with the artist’s biography, psychology, and native culture.”
Now consider the ultimate artist, hkb”h, gave us the ultimate artistic creation – the Torah. We seek amito shel torah but are we ever 100% sure we have found it? Is it unique or can it differ for each of us?…
KT
Re comment 6: the difference is, that Hashem wrote the Torah with the intent of our finding all these meanings in it, within the parameters He sets. I just heard this over Shabbos attributed to R’ Yonasan Eibeshutz: the rishonim wrote (re halacha) in a way that could contain many true meanings.
An astute reader wrote in to observe that a different Frost poem is subjected to (positive) hashkafic scrutiny on the Aish website:
http://www.aish.com/spirituality/growth/Which_Road_Not_Taken$0.asp
A friend in Israel thought I would like this article on Torah and poetry. He was right.
I appreciated thinking through both the meaning of this poem and the thoughts concerning a possible dilemma: “devotion to Torah that leads to divorcing the world”. Just by writing such a piece, the author demonstrates the possibility of a balance.
Psalm 116:9 “that I may walk before the Lord in the land of the living”, leap to my mind as I read this article. Perhaps it is a good description of the desired peace and balance (“value in both worlds” see comment 1) and the “try to always be take the beit medrash with us no matter what activity we are engaged in.” (see comment 3)
I also appreciated this: “But one who sees the beauty in God’s creation, who comes to love it, must be strong in order to devote himself to learning Torah.”
No one can deny the beauty in G-d’s creation. It leads some to know that the world and heavens did not come to be by chance (evolution) but were created. It leads some to know that G-d is and to begin to search for Him. No wonder the poet’s thoughts went to who owns this (beauty?).
In the poem, I was struck by the rider being “arrested” by something that did not (could not?) arrest the horse. I would love to hear Rav Aharon Lichtenstein’s thoughts on that.
Finally, I also appreciated the phrase, “yoke upon the narrator’s neck” as a wonderful picture of possibly every man’s condition. Yolks can assist in burden carrying, particularly if the yolk is the Torah.
PS. There were many non-English terms in the comments that were not in my on-line Hebrew dictionary. Perhaps I did not understand Comment 3. If so, my apologies to Joel Rich.
I believe the account of the Frost poem analysis referred to on the Aish website was originally authored by none other than R A Shafran regarding his daughter’s HS graduation ceremony.
Excellent post. BTW the book with RAL’s essay, Judaism’s Encounter with Other Cultures, is edited by R. JJ Scachter.
three points:
1) in the essay referenced, RAL illustrates one of his points discussing the hespedim for RAK and RMF ztl; contrast what he says about those hespedim with his hazkarah for RSZA ztl. i find the hazkarah almost as memorable as his remarks at the rav’s ztl sheloshim.
2) Emphasis on studying the message or its context applies to the study of any written work including the Bible or the Talmud. RAL, while recognizing the need for both, always seems to bias towards the message, often arguing the lack of time to do both. (this was part of the rav’s argument against academic study of talmud for all but unique individuals. ) I would claim that this is not an absolute. Few books exist to introduce academic talmud or bible study particularly for high school/college age students. However, more are now coming on the scene. Were that the only argument, the balance would shift slightly. I assume that for most, the opposition is not time management but primarily hashkafic. Avoiding / denying historical context is more prevalent than avoiding / denying physical reality.
3) RAL is unique; for almost everyone else the study of philosophy (or the classic arguments for science) is more relevant to developing deeper hashkafic / halakhic insights. In our entire history, I can think of no Gadol who studied literature other than RAL.
Just for the record (and in response to comment #10), the Aish.com article linked by Rabbi Adlerstein in comment #8 did indeed begin by recounting the incident described in Rabbi Shafran’s article about his daughter’s BY graduation. His article can be found here:
http://www.cross-currents.com/archives/2008/06/13/the-road-taken/
The analysis of Frost, however, was my own.
Is it unique or can it differ for each of us?…
the rishonim wrote in a way that could contain many true meanings.
SEVENTY different shades and hues, each unique and matching the personal notches of every neshamah.
re: 7 and 13
So you are saying that two individuals (or gedolim) can interpret the same passage (or rishon) in logically mutually exclusive ways and yet both be amita shel torah? I happen to think yes but there are many who would disagree because this would imply that there is not necessarily one unique Daas Torah position on any specific question.
KT
L’kavod JR,
Without question, “two individuals (or gedolim) can interpret the same passage (or rishon) in logically mutually exclusive ways and yet both be amita shel torah”. Looking at the halacha of using electricity in Eretz Yisroel, the Bnei Brak kehilla* follow the Chazon Ish while the Yerushayalim kehilla* follow Rav SZ Auerbach’s shita.
*not all inclusive
Tzippi said (#4): “I greatly appreciate this article, and the concept that there is value in acknowledging and nurturing one’s aesthetic side, even (especially?) if one is a gadol.”
Joel Rich asked (#6): “What is the proper way to relate to an artistic creation?”
Is it true that in 1096, in Worms, Germany, Rabbi Meir bar Yitzchak wrote a poem containing 96 couplets proclaiming G-d’s eternal love for His people, titled “Akdamut”. I have read that it was written to defend the Jewish faith and plead for the continued existence of the Jewish community in Worms, Germany and that it was successful in doing both and is read on the first day of the Feast of Shavuot before reading the Commandments given to Moses.
dr.bill (#11): I would not know how to learn if Yitzchak studied literature but I would think the historical context of this poem is not avoided.
Thank you for your kindness in translating meaningful non-English terms. I know it can be troublesome.
Rav Shlomo Carlebach quotes the Ishbitzer, who said that “Tahara (purity) means I’m not angry at G-d, although I don’t understand what he is doing.” We should be all blessed to let go of our anger at Hashem and even let go of our lovers quarrel with him, if we can.
#17 YM
What are you implying?
No questions, no thought process and no attempts to understand challenging situations. Anger and Love are opposites, which are found in deep relationships, should we discard CH”V the closely-knit bond (with the anger/love)?